![]() Therefore, to address P deficiency, it is vital to manage P fertilization efficiently and increase P use efficiency in agricultural systems. It takes nearly a million years for the P in marine sediment to participate in the P cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems again as phosphate rock ( Cordell, Drangert & White, 2009). The reimport of P back to the terrestrial ecosystems is a long and complex process with little human control. In addition, excess use of P fertilizer has led to the transfer of most P from terrestrial ecosystems into aquatic systems. For an extensive phosphate resource-consuming country, such as China, whose resource guarantee life is only 37 years according to the current production rate, the problem of P resource crisis still exists ( Zhang et al., 2017). Geological Survey in 2017, statically calculated according to the P consumption rate of 2016, the verified global reserve of phosphate ore can meet the global demand of 300 years ( USGS, 2016). However, mined P is a nonrenewable resource. Therefore, large amounts of P fertilizer have been applied to meet the increasing P demand. The use of traditional manure alone can no longer sufficiently supplement P consumption in these production systems. ![]() Around 67% of the world’s agricultural land is P-deficient ( Dhillon et al., 2017) and 51% in China ( Wang, 2016). P deficiency has adverse impacts on plant growth and productivity and may readily occur in various ecosystems especially those of agricultural systems. Plant growth and productivity are limited by soil P availability, which ultimately affects material circulation and function of ecosystems ( Agren, Wetterstedt & Billberger, 2012). Phosphorus (P), a key component of nucleic acids, phospholipids and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), participates in various assimilatory and metabolic processes in plants ( Rawat et al., 2020). This idea provides new options for helping to ameliorate the global P dilemma. Leaf P resorption makes the plant less dependent on soil P availability, which can promote the use efficiency of plant P and enhance the adaptability to P-deficient environments. Some agricultural practices, such as reduced or no tillage, crop rotation, stubble retention and utilization of biofertilizers-phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms should greatly improve the conversion of various P forms in the soil due to changes in the balance of individual nutrients in the soil or due to improvements in the phosphatase profile and activity in the soil. In production practices, the combination of “optimal fertilization and agronomic measures” can be adopted to utilize residual P in soils. The utilization of soil residual P represents a great challenge and a good chance to manage P well in agricultural systems. We summarized the state of soil “residual P” and the mechanisms of utilizing this P pool, the possible effects of planting and tillage patterns, various fertilization management practices and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms on the release of soil residual P and the link connecting leaf P resorption to soil P deficiency and the regulatory mechanisms of leaf P resorption. Pioneering efforts have made us better understand the more complete use of residual P in soils and the link connecting plant P resorption to soil P deficiency, which will help to address the challenging issue of P deficiency. Agricultural systems are facing P deficiency in many areas worldwide, while global P demand is increasing. Phosphorus (P) participates in various assimilatory and metabolic processes in plants. Utilization of soil residual phosphorus and internal reuse of phosphorus by crops. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. China DOI 10.7717/peerj.11704 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Yuriy Orlov Subject Areas Agricultural Science, Microbiology, Plant Science, Soil Science, Natural Resource Management Keywords P cycle, Soil residual P, Leaf P resorption, Agricultural system, P management, Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms Copyright © 2021 Yang and Yang Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.
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